![]() Yellow fever has caused deadly epidemics throughout human history for more than 500 years, and by the end of the 19th century, it was well known to be a threat around the world. His efforts to control yellow fever are widely praised by the scientific community, and he helped to correct years of misled research. In 1951, Max Theiler became the first and only scientist to receive a Nobel Prize for the development of a vaccine. Many failed attempts have been made to create a plague vaccine in the past – including one that was made in the US to inoculate soldiers during the Vietnam War.īut in 2018, the WHO created a Plague Vaccine Target Product Profile, which lists 17 possible candidates for vaccine approval, which are undergoing clinical trials and moving toward FDA approval.Ī nurse prepares a vaccine against yellow fever at an outpatient clinic in Sao Paulo, Brazil, on January 12, 2018. Even so, researchers believe that vaccination development is the most viable option to prevent the spread of disease in the long term. However, since plague is a disease spread by bacteria, the advent of modern antibiotics can be used as treatment. As recent as 2017, a plague outbreak in Madagascar attracted widespread attention and panic. ![]() Plague is perhaps most notorious for killing millions of people during the Middle Ages, but the disease is still active in areas around the world. But to date, no licensed vaccine is available. Plague is one of the world's oldest and most lethal diseases, culminating in nearly 200 million deaths throughout human history. People praying for relief from the bubonic plague, circa 1350. To date, smallpox remains the only disease to have been completely eliminated around the world through vaccination efforts. Then, in 1967, a global effort that provided a higher level of vaccine production and advancement in needle technology eventually lead to the eradication of the disease by 1980. In 1796, Edward Jenner in the UK created the first successful smallpox vaccine, but it wasn't until the 1950s that vaccine treatments began to effectively eradicate the disease in some parts of the world. It had a devastating mortality rate of up to 30%. By the 18th century, colonization spread the disease across the globe. ![]() The origins of smallpox are unknown, though scientists believe it dates all the way back to the Egyptian Empire of the 3rd Century BCE. The eradication of smallpox through a vaccine is seen as one of the biggest achievements in public health history - but it took several centuries to get there. Harry Chamberlain/FPG/Hulton Archive/Getty Images ![]() To gain some perspective on the complexities of vaccine development, here's how long it took to develop vaccines for other infectious diseases throughout history.Ī teenage boy is vaccinated against smallpox by a school doctor and a county health nurse, Gasport, New York, 15th March 1938. But because of the severity of the pandemic, manufacturers and leading scientists have made efforts to shift funding and expedite the process to yield results as quickly as possible. In the US, vaccine development undergoes a specific set of steps that includes exploratory phases, pre-clinical trials, new drug application, four phases of vaccine trials, and thorough vetting from the US Centers of Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration.Īll of that combined could take multiple years, and even then, it might not be as effective as hoped. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists were about to develop and distribute shots to prevent those infected from severe illness. It often indicates a user profile.Īcross the world, scientists worked at record speed to develop a successful vaccine for coronavirus, which has infected nearly 640 million people and has killed over 6.6 million. Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders. ![]()
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